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Wednesday, 15 February 2017

8 September 1945

Leaving for Belgium
“Most Latvian soldiers in Germany were at first kept in British prisoner-of-war camps in Germany. In the autumn of 1945 most of them were transferred to a POW camp 2227 at Zedelgem in Belgium. They had naively expected the Western Allies to understand the reasons why they had fought on the side of the Germans. Instead of understanding, they at first received beatings, and occasionally they were used for live target practice by guards. They were released during 1946 when the Western Allies concurred that the majority of Latvians were not Nazis despite their German issued SS uniforms.”
 VisvaldisMangulis in Latvia in the Wars of the 20th Centuryhttps://latvians.com/index.php?en/CFBH/Zedelgem/collection-000-main.ssi

 

POW camps in and around Zedelgem

Camp 2227, which was generally used for Baltic soldiers, was not the only camp in the area. Camp 2226 was used for Germans; other Zedelgem camps were used for other nationalities or for segregating POWs by military rank. The following is a page from an inventory of POW camps which includes Zedelgem—the POW population across all camps totalled 63,459, including more than 16,000 in Camp 2227.


Restricted document from the HQ 21 army group.  German personnel under British control, as at 1800 hrs, Thursday 19 July 1945  Summary of surrendered troops at PW 
Field. Marshall Montgomery commanding

https://latvians.com/index.php?en/CFBH/Zedelgem/collection-000-main.ssi

Prisoner of War

My camp in Denmark was not a real camp.  It had been an old base of some sort, possibly a small run way.  There were no buildings left standing to provide shelter from the weather or the night cold.  There was no where to wash or to eat, there was nothing.  We were interned on a strip of land that had water to three sides.  There was only one way in and out of that camp, requiring a very small guard.

When it rained, we got wet.  When the wind blew, we got cold.  There were not even any trees to shelter beneath.  Eventually, canvass tents were delivered to us but as the ground was concrete, it was impossible to erect them.  The Americans had not thought of that, or maybe they just had not seen our concrete camp.  The best we could do was shelter under the loose canvas like kids playing under a blanket.

Every now and again, a group of American soldiers would drive out to look at us.  They came in Jeeps with music playing loudly from a radio.  They would shout out and holler, just having a good time because the war was over.  We envied them, driving up and down with their legs dangling out of the Jeep.  Our officers would never have allowed us to act like them.  We would not have been allowed music or to muck about whilst in uniform.  We always had to be serious.  We were never allowed to be boys.

I saw my first black man outside that camp.  He was an American.  He came with a group of Yanks to look at us.


At first, we thought he was a burn victim.  We thought the man had been caught in an oil fire, thought he had been in the water when a ship went down.  We thought the burning oil had stained his hands and his face, shrivelled up his hair.  None of us had ever seen a black man before.  When our guard told us the man was born that way, everyone wanted to see him.  Someone looked out for him, ready to shout if the black man came near.  We were as curious about black American’s as they were about us.

Saturday, 11 February 2017

1 September 1945

Certificate agreeing to submit control of military pay entitlement


I, and my fellow prisoners of war, are being processed.  We were hoping to have been allowed back home before now.  Hitler is dead but our war time ordeal is not over.

Friday, 10 February 2017

1 September 1945

Side of the Road
Latvian / VĪKSNAS / Regimental Newspaper
Lunden Flehde
Saturday Sep 1 1945




18 August 1945

Lunden is a municipality in the district of Dithmarschen, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated on the Eider river, about 16 km north of Heide.  Rehm-Flehde-Bargen is in the district of Dithmarschen.
Latvian 142nd Regiment, Church Service - Lundena, Flehde, Denmark
 His Song

The Lord is our strong fortress, etc....
My God, I praise home

God, guardian of our home land that she remains a flowering state and strong, etc ......
His Tune

God is our hope, Stone Mountain etc .........

August – September 1945, Latvian Variety Troupe - 
"Birds of Passage" Program

Soup to eat, regular religious guidance, this camp is better than I had expected.  In addition, we are treated to entertainment.

23 June 1945

We moved from Heides, Germany, to Kűmpel on the other side of Lunden.

Two days completely without food.  I was in a particularly bad mood on Ligo evening with nothing to eat - June 23 mid-summer festival, Ligo svētki.

A local person came to help us, supplying us with a little food. 


Once we had eaten, we were able to walk-on quite well.  That local old woman has boiled us soup every day since.  The allied army must have recruited her because someone must be paying for our food.

20 & 21 May 1945

Adolf Hitler committed suicide 8 May 1945, bringing world war two to an end

Concerned about food.  Tied down at the forest bridge, with increasingly less to eat.

In addition, I lived on only barn plants (salad) at Flensburg for the previous two weeks.  We are very much in shock.

17 May 1945

Sailing from Denmark to Germany (Post allied liberation of Denmark)
The first Allied forces arrived in Denmark mid afternoon of May 5th.  They were greeted by throngs of people celebrating in Copenhagen.  British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery had already accepted the surrender of German forces at Lüneburg Heath, east of Hamburg but Denmark’s official liberation took effect at 8 am on May 5th 1945.  Unfortunately, those on the island of Bornholm continued to be bombarded by Soviet forces until 9th May.  After two days of bombardment, landing Soviet troops accepted German surrender. 

We knew the Allied were coming but they took longer to reach us than we had anticipated.  Fighting against Russian occupation is something that has burdened generations of Latvian men.  Equally, Latvia has suffered the shackles of Germany during her historical past.  Any invading army must be repelled, but the Allied forces pose no threat to Latvia.  Their fight is with the Germans, not with Latvians.  We are not defending Latvia but standing upon foreign soil, governed by a foreign power. 

Allied forces were moving quickly but their advance has slowed.  We had expected them to be upon us within twenty four hours but it has been three days.  If our German commanders discover us, we will all be executed as deserters and so we are in hiding.  Having no food for twenty four hours would not have been such a big problem but, after three days, our stomachs have turned themselves inside out. Once again God answered my prayers.  We have been discovered by a family who took pity on us.  They treated us to a small amount of salted herrings.  They are not my favourite but at least my hunger has subsided.

It has take five days for the Allied forces to reach us.  We are all relieved to surrender to them and not to have been discovered by the Red Army.

2 May 1945

Approximately 4,500 men have surrendered to the Americans south of Schwerin, Germany.  

To my knowledge, Latvian Waffen Legions have been split up, scattered all over the place to bolster other units.  Some of those soldiers surrendered to the Americans at Güterglück, whilst others fought at the Battle of Berlin and unfortunately had to surrender to the Red Army.

27 April 1945

It is reported that 824 men, under the command of Waffen-Standartenführer Vilis Janums, surrendered to American forces at Güterglück near to the river Elbe.
The Elbe originates in the Krkonoše Mountains of the northern Czech Republic before traversing through much of Bohemia, then into Germany before continuing out into the North Sea at Cuxhaven, 110 km northwest of Hamburg.  As I was never sure where I was fighting, this could have been the river where the wooden bridge with its three great guns stood?

30 March 1945

The big day on Saturday (31 March 1945), we have been transferred to Sølskot.

The Soviets are closing in on Berlin.  The Allied have crossed the Rhine.  Whilst we have been sent back to the fighting front.  We travelled to Schleswig, Denmark where we stayed until the last few days of April.
 We journey back to Sølskot on 1st May.   I have been billeted in Sølskot Park, there are around 400 of us in one tavern.


Thursday, 9 February 2017

28 March 1945

Denmark, Horsens
We have arrived.  We have been swept up in the chaos of the collapse of the Eastern Front.

The Gestapo HQ in Copenhagen was bombed a few days ago by the British.  It was a large u-shaped building.  The whole of Denmark's Gestapo, along with a large number of criminal police were killed.

After the forming of the Latvian Police Battalions, during January 1943 in Reichskommissariat Ostland, Heinrich Himmler formed Latvian legion Lettische SS Freiwilligen Legion in February 1943.  That Legion later became a Division, receiving the numerical designation 15 before being renamed Lettische SS Freiwilligen Brigade.

The unlawful conscription of Latvian men for military service by Germany was based on Alfred Rosenberg's compulsory labour decree of 19 December 1941. It was carried out by the Department of Labour for the Latvian Self Administration, and commenced early 1943.  All Latvian males born between 1919 and 1924 received a compulsory recruitment notice.  The 15th Waffen SS, together with the 19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian) were formed into the Latvian Legion.  And so here I am. 


 - 29 March 1945 The Americans are in Frankfurt.

26 March 1945

To Denmark

The fighting is very unpredictable over the Rhine as German forces continue to put up resistance in the battle for western Germany. 
 “With cohesion rapidly disintegrating, the Germans were organised into battle groups of anything from platoon to battalion strength: adhoc formations ranging from pathetic Volksturm (Home Guard) to experienced SS and parachute detachments and even an officer cadet training school. Some put up token resistance before running away. The bravest, including the officer cadets, fought with skill and ferocity.”  http://ww2today.com/26-march-1945-the-forward-platoon-makes-contact-as-they-enter-germany
Command is resolute; the Allied must not reach the Fatherland’s heart.  We are to stop the advance from Denmark.

Tuesday, 31 January 2017

23 March 1945

Neubrandenburg, Germany

Compared to other towns I have seen recently, NeuBrandenburg got off very lightly in terms of war damage.



Monday, 30 January 2017

The end of 1944. 1945 has arrived.

When I reported in at the command post near to the bridge, there were the bodies of three deceased soldiers to be transported.  On the road, pushed over to one side on the grass verge, I had passed a burned out truck.  It was black, and split open where it had taken a Russian direct hit, the bodies belonged to its occupants.

I was ordered to remove the dead from a field just behind the main camp.  All three bodies were covered over, eerily still and ghostly on the ground.  Although I could have done with a hand to load up, no one came to help me.  No one came to say any last farewells either.  I was left alone to haul each man onto my shoulders, one at a time, before placing him on to the cart.  It was very awkward manhandling each lifeless, dead weight.  I had not previously appreciated the difficulties involved, I will have more respect for mortuary assistants in the future.
 
The German military are very good at administration, keeping all kinds of records.  The army likes to account for its dead better than it does its living, recovering as many bodies as possible from the front for respectful burial.  German officers meticulously record their dead and their dying, along with their missing, detailing every battle casualty before dispatching bodies to collection points.  Returning the dead to military mortuaries is carried out on a regular basis. 

Whilst I was still at the bridge, the Russians began a bombardment.  They rained bombs down on to the entire site – on to the bridge, into the camp as well on to the empty fields.  There was nowhere to run, nowhere to shelter.  I had been caught out on the open road with no trench or bunker in sight.  My only protection came from the small cart containing those three dead soldiers.

Although the German’s fired their guns as quickly as they could load them, it was no use.  The Russians succeeded in blowing up the entire wooden bridge.  That noisy old plane must have spotted them the previous night and once a days target has been identified, the Russians do not stop pounding until it has been wiped from the battlefield.

With just a few hits, all three of the big guns were obliterated.  They must have been positioning incorrectly.  Someone must have made a mistake, miscalculated the distances between each one.  They had to have been too close together for all three to go up like that.  For that battalion of men it was a costly blunder.  A hit to one big gun should not have taken out all three.  There had been at least twenty men on that one bridge; at least twenty men were taken with one strike.  Three guns and twenty men all lost because one bloke could not do maths.

I was so very pleased to get out of there alive, to get away with my horse and cart.  It was a struggle keeping the horse moving forward because the Russian’s continued their bombing long after the bridge was gone.  It felt like they were chasing after the horse and me as if we were important military targets. 

Nearing the house, I could hear the German artillery at it, aiming their little anti-tank gun into the sky and firing their mortars.  Our commander had repeatedly assured me that our bunker was the strongest one ever made but the kitchen unit’s defences were not as good.  By the time I got back, the commander, along with everyone else, were gone.  Our base had taken at least three direct hits during the raid.  The Russian’s had stationed themselves on a hill far off in the distance but they were still close enough to cause my unit serious damage.  Just like the bridge, my unit had gone.  My fellow soldiers had been seen, targeted and destroyed.  I had seen the commander’s room several times when taking him papers, it had been nice and comfortable but now all of the communication equipment had been destroyed.  Communication posts always have half a dozen cables running through camp.  If ever I need to find command in a new camp, all I do is follow the cables.  That’s how I found it in amongst the rubble.  I followed what remained of the cables to where command should have been.  All that was left were bits and pieces of wreckage.  There was nothing recognisable any more, nothing of any use or consequence remained.

Our field kitchens never have any chimneys.  The men never make a fire using a chimney because an enemy spotter could see the smoke, plus it makes it easy for any passing enemy soldier to drop a grenade down.  However, it had not mattered in the end, even without sending up smoke signals, our kitchen had been demolished.  I had liked working for the kitchen, I had liked being with those men.  They treated me well because I was useful, because I could take the food out on the horse and cart so that they did not have to carry it out and about by hand.  I also liked having hot food every day, having enough in my stomach to stop it from aching and churning.
 
The few men still left alive told me to just walk away.  I did not know where to go or where I should be heading but neither did they.  I do not think that anyone did.  There was a lot of military traffic everywhere.  Slow traffic loaded with miserable, worn out soldiers and so I followed them.  I never found out what had happened to all those blokes, to all of my mates.  I never found out how many survived but I am glad to have gotten away from there myself.  It had been a massive raid, possibly an important raid for the Russians but as I do not know where I was on a map, I can never enquire. 

The horse had always been kept away from the main kitchen.  It was kept in the small barn close to gully and that at least had survived the attack.  I put him back in the shed where he had first been found, only this time I made sure he had water as well as food I do not know what happened to that horse.  I hope he survived.  I hope no one bombed him later and I especially hope no Russian soldier ate him.
 
I have looked for the river with its bridge on maps but I have not been able to find where it was.  I thought the river might be the one that flows past Lielvārde but it is not.  The Russians had smashed up the entire bridge.  Three big important guns, even the little guns near to the house were all gone.  


Those little ones were rapid but they could not do any damage and they did not always work.  They were complicated, often jammed, and no one liked them but still the Russians destroyed them all.  In addition, all of those men, all of those poorly trained, ill-equipped blokes killed during one raid.  Everyone I knew gone and I can never go back with flowers.  I cannot return to morn my mates because no one ever told me where I was on a map. 

20 March 1945

We departed from Bad Nenndorf

We are on the move once again.  I have been reassigned.  Maybe this will be my last move.  I hope so; I hope this is to be the end of it all.  There have been a few mumblings from some of the other men, they say the war is no longer going well for Germany but the captain has not said anything.  I would dearly like to think I will not have to spend another winter out of doors.   


I do not fancy getting too close to the Red Army again either.  So many men have tales of German and Latvian soldiers returning to units minus a tongue, the stories have to be true.  They say the Russians do it so their captives cannot give away Red Army positions.  In addition, Russian commanders are said to make their soldiers hold both ends of a damaged cable in their mouth to complete a broken circuit, making Red Army soldiers stupid but brutal.

Sunday, 29 January 2017

October 1944 to March 1945 (5)

Being the only member of the unit capable of harnessing a horse, my job involved delivering more than just soup with black bread.  For a time I was also a mail carrier.  Parcels and letters periodically arrived at our command post, this needed passing on to the men.

Some distance down the road, two or three batteries had set up camp.  The little two-wheeled trap was loaded with as much as it would carry and I set off to find a large bridge.  Men were stationed at the bridge. My first task was to find it.

Constructed of wood, the bridge spanned a river but I never got the name of it.  Travelling around so much, I was never completely certain of where I was.  If we halted close to a village or town, I would ask the locals but when out in the countryside I had no clue. 

It was the tallest bridge I had ever seen; it went up, up, up into the horizon.  When I found it, I answered the guard's challenge with some trepidation.  They didn’t know me, I could have been a saboteur, there were a lot of those around.  Luckily for me, I was believed although I was made to wait for an escort.  Even with a cart full of parcels, those men did not want to take any chances.

“Wait there.”  The guard commanded.  “Wait until someone comes to guide you through the mines.”

I waited.  I did not want to be shot and  I certainly had no desire to wander into another minefield with my horse.

Eventually I was allowed to deliver the post.  Next to a food delivery, receiving post is the men’s favourite thing.  Many of the parcels and letters on my cart had been hanging around various base camps for weeks waiting for someone to make a delivery.  I guess it was hard knowing where to send post during a war.


I received a very pleasing reception, all of the men were glad to finally get letters.  Sometimes, if parcels turned up but no one knew the addressee, or believed that man to be deceased, the delivery would be given out to those with nothing.  No one had very much of anything most of the time, and so, when something was going spare, it soon disappeared.  No one felt bad about taking things addressed to someone else.  As troops were scattered everywhere, with units moving constantly moving on, it was an accepted part of military life.  Men died every day or, if they were lucky, were hospitalised or even discharged back home.  Families knew it was virtually impossible for letters and gifts to find their loved ones but I guess they took comfort in knowing those small items brought pleasure to someone.  I assume that all of the field offices did the same thing; it meant that everything got used, nothing was ever wasted.

Saturday, 28 January 2017

October 1944 to March 1945 (4)

Whilst working with the field kitchen, on one of my soup run days, I was heading towards a remote house.  It stood alone in its own field with very little ground cover.  As I approached, I was convinced I had seen movement at the front.  Although I was not one hundred percent sure, I thought it wise not to take the risk and decided to go down the side so I could enter from the rear.  If there were Russian troops at the front, the rear of the house was a lot more attractive.

As I got neared to the house, all of the soldiers inside began waving wildly from the windows and doors.  At first, I thought they were just pleased to see me but then I understood their shouts.  They were trying to warn me, they were telling me off for coming from the rear. 
“Why are you coming that way?”  They reprimanded.  “You are crazy.  You are in a mine field!” 

I had to take the horse and cart back the same way through the field.  I was the most nervous I had ever been.  It was nerve racking retracing my steps, as well as difficult.  Knowing that putting my feet down just a few inches further to the left or to the right could mean a horrible death really focused my attention.  Have you ever tried to back up a horse?   It is not the easiest of things to do but it was import for me to deliver the soup.  I knew how hungry those men were.  In the past, I was the one waiting days for something warm and filling.





Friday, 27 January 2017

October 1944 to March 1945 (3)

Close to the house where I sheltered, there were a few trees on a piece of scrub land.  That was where some of the other men, an anti-tank unit, set up camp.  It was where they set up their single 3.7 PAK anti-tank gun. 

Concerned for their own safety, those men set up trip wires along with anti-personnel traps, between the trees which would go off if disturbed.  I had to be careful when coming or going, I made sure to identify myself as I approached.  Among their armoury were two 5 cm tube mortars, three 8.8 cm Flak guns plus a big old tractor.  Flak is a contraction of the German Flugzeugabwehrkanone, aircraft-defence cannon.  As a fighting unit they were not very well equipped at all but everyone had to do their best with what they had.  To be honest, due to a lack of training, those men couldn’t really shoot anything anyway.  With only one day’s training on the guns, men were sent off to strategic position and left to their own devices.  When a gun jammed or broke in some way, no one knew how to fix it.  Having more equipment, better equipment, bigger equipment would not have enabled those men to hit more targets.

One of our men, a new man who had only been with us for three days, was killed as he stood next to me.  The anti-tank unit decided to do some fire practise, it was a nice day and so they sent a shot up into the sky.  Having nothing better to do, several of us stood around to watch but no one had thought about the round coming back down again.  A shell fragment sliced down into the new man’s head, lodging in his brain.  The shrapnel chopped through his skull, killing him where he stood.  I made sure to keep my distance the next time those men practised.

I thought it was okay working with the kitchen.  There were regular meals plus a stove to warm myself near.  Combine that with sleeping indoors, it was probably the best any soldier could ask during war time on the front line

  

Thursday, 26 January 2017

October 1944 to March 1945 (2)

A horse had been left close to the house we seconded.  The poor thing had been left alone in a barn, too tired to work.  Whomever it had belonged, had left it with plenty of food but forgotten to leave it any water.  Although there was enough animal food to last all winter, without water that horse would have died.  The beast had been worked to exhaustion; it looked delirious.  It stumbled around the small barn with wild eyes when I entered.

I was given the job of looking after the workhorse.  I fetched water into the barn, groomed its tired limbs whilst talking soothingly into its ear.  I sang songs recalled from my childhood, soothing cradle songs I’d listened to from my bed.  They were my mother’s songs, the tunes she used to entertain my younger siblings on long evenings.  I did not sing loudly, I was careful not to let the other fellows hear my voice.  I sang for the horse, to gain its trust as well as to ease its anguish. 

Looking after that horse became my job by default.  The other men were all town people.  I can harness a horse, I know how to care for one, the others do not which is why it became my new job. 

Along with the horse, there was a two-wheeled cart.  It was a two-wheeled trap and its tyres still had plenty of wear in them.  One day a Field kitchen turned up at the house unexpectedly, it had arrived to feed the front line troops.  As I was the only one to have befriended the horse, plus the only one who knew how to harness it to a trap, I was assigned to the kitchen unit and tasked with taking soup out to the fighters. 


Along with German soldiers, many Latvian service men were wept up in the chaos as the Eastern Front collapsed.  In September 1944 the surviving elements of the 15th Waffen SS division and the 19th Waffen Grenadier Division, were sent by boat to Danzig, Poland.  They fought on the Pomeranian Wall defences before retreating through Pomerania and Germany to Berlin.

Wednesday, 25 January 2017

October 1944 to March 1945

For part of the war, I did get to live in a house for a short time.  We still had to set up a guard every night but at least it was warm.  I had to watch my gun as well as my ammunition night and day.  Our sergeant had us dig a hole to bury the ammunition just in case the house took a hit. 

It was very dangerous staying indoors; anyone could be snooping around with hand grenades, especially at night.  In addition, the house made an easy target for bombers.  It isn’t, only an explosion that is dangerous when indoors but the resulting change in air pressure can kill you too. 

I was always tired, there was never anywhere safe for me to sleep or to get comfortable.  No one slept properly.  No one ever had any real rest.  It would have been heaven to have a dry, warm bed but with a guard stationed outside keeping watch, I made the most of the relative safety provided.  Knowing there were walls surrounding me as well as a guard helped me to rest a little easier.  At night, if on guard duty, I had to stand upright all night.  The gunfire went on all night too.  I could hear and see it but no one took wild shots.  Men attacked specific targets if ordered to but that was it.  I guess the Russians were just as tired as my mates and me.  There were no tanks near to us, thank goodness.  Russian tanks are terrifying to watch coming towards you


There was a plane spotter in the area; it was an old Russian plane that sounded like a tractor as it flew around.  All night it flew around very slowly.  Its pilot was looking for sites to attack the next day.  It was a very slow and noisy plane.  The sound went on and on without a break.  Because it was at night, no man rushed to get his gun to fire unless he had to.  The men knew they would most likely miss anyway.  No one fired up at the plane, their shot would have given away our location

Tuesday, 24 January 2017

17 – 25 September 1944

August and September I spent in the Netherlands.  The Allied were on the move and I was to take part in the defence of Arnham.

Operation Market Garden was an unsuccessful Allied military operation, fought in the Netherlands and Germany.  It was split into two sub-operations:
Although several bridges between Eindhoven and Nijmegen were captured successfully, XXX Corps advance was delayed by the airborne unit’s failure to secure bridges at Son and Nijmegen German forces demolished the bridge over the Wilhelmina Canal at Son before it could be secured by the 101st Airborne Division. The 82nd Airborne Division's failure to capture the main road bridge over the river Waal at Nijmegen before 20 September also delayed the advance of XXX Corps.

Delays capturing key bridges at Son and Nijmegen due to strong resistance, gave German forces time to organise a well-coordinated defence.  Although a small force of paratroopers initially managed to capture the north end of the Arnhem Road Bridge, ground forces were unable to relieve them as planned, resulting in the paratroopers being overrun on 21 September. The remainder of the 1st Airborne Division became trapped in a small pocket west of the bridge, and were finally evacuated on 25 September.


The Allied failure to cross the Rhine River during their planned advance into Germany delayed plans to end the war by Christmas 1944.  It was not until offensives began at RemagenOppenheimRees, and Wesel in March 1945, that the Allied ambitions were realised.

Monday, 23 January 2017

Summer 1944

The Red Army have reached the Baltic Seavat Memel. 

Although I have seen grenades thrown, German grenades with long handles like a wooden stick, no one in my Latvian Waffen SS Legion unit have been issued any.  As well as stick grenades, the German soldiers have larger round ones but not us. 

I saw a stick grenade thrown which did not explode.  As my unit do not have any, I waited for a little while before picking it up.  I waited a good while in fact before moving forward.  I decided to bring it along with me in the hope of repairing it. 

Drying out an old gas mask canister, I put the grenade inside to make it easier to carry.  I can usually mend most things when I try, so I should be able to mend one grenade. 


When I found it, I hadn’t realised what the canister was.  I only received one days training with a gas mask but then just like the grenades, masks were not included in my equipment pack.  It is a good job I have never needed a gas mask.  At a guess, my unit is not the first to be sent out without a full kit.

German WW2 Gas Mask with Canister.
The German stick grenades are not very good; they do not explode in the same way the allied grenades do.  The German ones just go ‘poof’ rather than ‘BANG’.  If that is not bad enough, the stick grenades are useless in snow.  When thrown, all they do is go ‘puff’ before showering men in snowflakes.  


Some men can throw a grenade really far by the stick but I have not had the chance to try.  I saw some men tie three or four grenades together before throwing them.  Their invention worked properly, better than the allied grenades even in the snow, but they could only do a few because supplies ran out.

Older men, those with more experienced, keep stick grenades stuffed down their boots (by the stick end).  I tried it but found it very uncomfortable.  Carrying the grenade in a canister is a much better idea.

German Naval Infantry marching with stick grenades in their boots.

Sunday, 22 January 2017

11 August 1944

Bad Nenndorf
 Will never destroy the kingdom if you are united and loyal
Max Von Schenkendorf

To no address (unaddressed)   dated 11 August 1944
Bad Nenndorf, Germany
Hannover Department
Camaraderie package

The USSR Red Army approached the eastern border of Latvia in the summer of 1944, resulting in an extensive refugee flow of Latvian civilians westwards. The population feared Bolshevik repressions.  The refugee flow was also stimulate by the approaching ware fare front-line.  Many Latvian people were coercively evacuated by the Nazi occupation authorities.  Their numbers swelled those of workers, prisoners and concentration camp captives already sent to Germany during the Nazi occupation, not forgetting the Latvian soldiers transported to Germany.

At the beginning of 1945 there were 171 000 residents of Latvia within the German Reich.
From Riga evacuations began at the beginning of August in 1944 and continued until the 10th of October.  Most refugees from Riga ended up sailing out of the Baltic basin, disembarking at Danzig.  Evacuation by ship from Ventspils (Windau) and Liepaja (Libau) began in September of 1944 with the end ports being Danzig and Danzig Neufahrwasser. From Liepaja some ships also were sent to Pillau.  Evacuations from Liepaja and Ventspils continued until the beginning of January in 1945.

At the end of the war, in the summer of 1945, 107 000 refugees from Latvia were in West Germany, i.e. the British, US and French occupation zones.  25 400 people were held in the war prisoner camps of the western Allies.

In addition 4600 Latvians found themselves in Sweden, 2100 in Denmark and 2200 in Austria in the summer of 1945.

Saturday, 21 January 2017

31 July 1944

Germany, Bad Nenndorf.


Arriving in Bad Nenndorf, at the railway station, the organisation is very good.  After such a long trip, it is nice to have someone take charge. 

I have ended up in hospital again, in Bechhofen, which is a tourist area.  It is not a real hospital but a large private house or hotel, requisitioned for the injured.  When the German military requisition a property, the previous residents have to move out.  The locals must go into the smaller houses because the Germans do not want those.

They are very organised, the Germans.  Their kitchen is especially well organised.  The food hall is centralised, producing very good food.  I now have nice food to eat, a dry bed to stretch out on and no guard duty.  It has been a long time since I had such comforts.

Walking out with a house mate, we went to see the local autobahn.   It is very impressive, I have never seen anything like it before.  We do not have anything to compare with an autobahn in Latvia.


Allied aeroplanes heading toward Hannover passed over me.  It wasn’t the sight of them that made me stop to watch but the noise.  A great roar of engines shook everything around me.  There were so many, the noise was terrifying.  I could feel the boom of engines in my chest, it vibrated my sternum.  The planes passed over in such great numbers, the sky turned black with them.   Later, I heard the bombs fall.  As those planes dropped their bombs before moving off, others flew over to take their place and drop even more.  It went on for a long time: I cannot imagine there being anything left of Hannover.  There cannot be any buildings left standing or anyone left alive.  I am very glad not to be in a hospital in Hannover.    

Friday, 20 January 2017

27 July 1944

We departed to Germany

From Riga, the boat takes me to Poland.  I travel by train to Danzig before heading south.  No one knows what to do with us, where to send the train.  I don’t think anyone really wants us.


Thursday, 19 January 2017

April & May 1944

The Russians are coming to Riga, killing everyone along the way.  All military personnel are being evacuated although there is a shortage of transport.  Once again, I am lucky because I have made it onto the last ship out.  There is such chaos all around I feel sure some people have been left behind.  From the Baltic Basin, our ship heads along the coast toward Poland.  

Latvian’s traditionally preserve food in salt for the winter.  Due to the war, there is a shortage of everything but the Germans surprised us all during the autumn of 1943 by providing barrels of rock salt free of charge.  Although the salt was not particularly good quality, it was the kind I had used to scatter amongst the hay when a harvest had not been particularly good but still, the people were very impressed.  I guess the animals will not get any salt to lick until after the war, which is sad because to them it is as appealing as sugar.


Any scrap of food that could be salted, got preserved ready for the winter and stored away by Latvians everywhere.  However, as the evacuation began, German soldiers went from one home to the next, taking away any and all such foods.  The people are no longer impressed with the German pretence at generosity.

I have travelled around Poland by train.  For some time our train travelled from Danzig, heading south, up and down the line, going round and round and then back again.  I do not think anyone really knew what to do with us, where to send us, but so long as I head away from the front line (Gdansk), I will be happy.  

Wednesday, 18 January 2017

20 April 1944

Riga, Sarkaņkalns Hospital

The German army have requisitioned the larger hotels, as well as private houses, for use as barracks or hospitals.  My hospital is the old prāta slimnīca (mental hospital).  The previous patients had to move out.

My mother has come to visit me in hospital.  It is a big surprise, as I do not know who could have told her where I am.  I did not ask how she got to Riga.  It could have been on a neighbour’s truck, a train or maybe in a cart but either way, it must have been a difficult 140 km journey.
  
One of the nurses told me a very important visitor was waiting for me in the square.  I was quite excited as I hurried out of the front of the hospital but then I saw it was only mother.  

Outside there are hundreds of wounded people laid around on the ground, mostly military men, making it difficult for us to stroll about.  Although it is very crowded, we make the best of it.  Mother has come alone.  Once again, my father is not with her; she says he is too busy working at home.  He no longer has any help on the farm.  My brother Vilnis has replaced me as a conscripted labourer even though he is only twelve years old.

When I was a farm labourer, the farmer made us drink a pint of water before serving lunch. It was the farmer’s responsibility to provide lunch for all workers and he must have thought the water would fill our bellies, stopping us from eating too much food.  One day, a new man asked the farmer for a second cup of water, which surprised the farmer.  "Why do you want more water?"  The farmer asked.  "So I can stretch my stomach to make room for more food.” The man replied.  “If I eat more now, I will not have to buy supper later." It is funny but that farmer never made us drink water before lunch ever again.  

Mother has come to Riga to buy pliers for father.  He needs them to remove old nails to reuse around our farm.  Apparently, the German army have requisitioned all metals, including buttons, for military use.   

1862 opened as a psychiatric institution.  During World War II, Sarkaņkalns hospital was re-designated a military hospital. On 24 July 1946, the hospital became Riga Orthopaedics and reparative surgery institute, and today it is the National Traumatology and Orthopaedics Hospital.


I have received my very first parcel in hospital.  It is from home, from mother.  She must have sent it after her visit.  In the box are some hard biscuits which do not taste very nice but I am eating them anyway.

The last time I was in hospital, I was 17 years old.  At that time, during 1941, the army was using some of the surrounding buildings as German Youth Clubs.  I was in hospital to have my appendix removed and the boy in the bed next to mine was a member of one of those youth clubs.  He told me how wonderful his club was.  He talked about it all of the time and so when I had recovered, I joined a local club but I did not like it very much.  All we did was dig holes and practice marching up and down.  That other boy must have been at a better club than me.
  
I have seen a large group of people marching past the hospital.  All of them have shaven heads and so I can only tell the men from the women by their cloths.  I have asked a nurse what is happening and she says they are workers going to camps in Czechoslovakia.  I do not know why their heads are shaven or why women are wanted at work camps